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Narratives Under Fire: How ‘Human Shields’ Became a Justification for Civilian Casualties

Gaza civilians aren’t shields by choice—they’re trapped, making legal justifications for strikes flawed

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Palestinian civilians are trapped, not shielding militants—urban warfare and siege conditions defy legal justification

As the war in Gaza intensifies and the world bears witness to harrowing images of civilian casualties, the argument that Palestinian militants, particularly Hamas, use civilians as “human shields” has become a central justification for Israel’s military operations. But how true is this claim, especially when examined through the lens of international law, on-the-ground realities, and Gaza’s unique urban structure?

Let’s take a look at the validity and limitations of the “human shield” argument in the Palestinian context, critically assesses recent events, and outlines how international humanitarian law—particularly the Geneva Conventions and the principle of proportionality—applies in such conflicts. We also have to challenges the prevailing narrative by drawing attention to the forced immobility of civilians in Gaza, whose dense urban environment and siege conditions negate the simplistic assumption that militants are deliberately hiding among civilians.


A Densely Populated Urban Environment

Gaza is often described as one of the most densely populated places on Earth. With over 2.3 million people packed into just 365 square kilometres, much of which is urban or semi-urban, the very concept of separating fighters from civilians is inherently problematic. In fact, Gaza’s population density is more than 6,000 people per square kilometre—far greater than that of New York City or London.

In this context, resistance movements like Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, and others operate within communities not necessarily as a tactic of shielding but rather as a byproduct of geography and necessity. This makes the accusation that these groups use human shields—defined legally as the intentional use of civilians to deter attacks on military targets—difficult to prove and often overly simplistic.

Unlike traditional state militaries, which can station themselves in remote bases or border outposts, resistance groups in Gaza do not have the luxury of vast open spaces. As such, militants live, operate, and fight from within their communities—not necessarily out of choice, but because there is nowhere else to go.


The Blockade and Civilian Immobility

Since 2007, Gaza has been under a land, sea, and air blockade imposed by Israel and partially enforced by Egypt. This blockade prevents nearly all movement of people and goods into and out of the territory. While Israel often advises civilians to evacuate conflict zones within Gaza, the reality is that civilians cannot leave the territory entirely, and even moving to so-called “safe zones” within Gaza has often resulted in death.

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During the current war, which began in October 2023, Israel issued evacuation orders to over a million people in northern Gaza, advising them to flee to the south. Yet humanitarian organisations like the United Nations warned that there was no safe place left in the Strip. Indeed, airstrikes and artillery barrages soon followed people to southern cities like Khan Younis and Rafah, killing hundreds who had obeyed evacuation orders.

This forced immobility renders the “human shield” claim hollow in many cases. Civilians are not willingly remaining in combat zones to protect militants—they are trapped. They have no escape routes, and the borders remain firmly shut. Gaza has become a pressure cooker of humanity, hemmed in by concrete walls, drones, and patrol boats.


Recent Events: A Pattern of Civilian Targeting

Several key incidents from the ongoing conflict help illustrate the misuse of the “human shield” narrative and the tragic consequences of urban warfare:

1. Al-Shifa Hospital, November 2023

Israel alleged that Hamas was operating a command centre beneath Gaza’s largest hospital, Al-Shifa. Following several airstrikes and a ground raid, Israeli forces presented limited evidence: a tunnel entrance and a few weapons in a storage room. While this may have pointed to some level of militant presence, the scale of the attack and the damage to the hospital’s operations raised international outcry.

Thousands of civilians were sheltering in the hospital, including patients and displaced families. The World Health Organization and other aid groups condemned the siege, stating that targeting such critical infrastructure, even with suspicion of militant presence, likely violated international law.

2. Jabalia Refugee Camp, October–November 2023

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The Israeli military struck Jabalia refugee camp multiple times, claiming it was targeting Hamas fighters in underground tunnels. However, the explosions leveled entire residential blocks and killed scores of civilians, including women and children. The presence of fighters did not justify the scale of destruction, prompting Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch to raise serious legal concerns regarding proportionality.

3. “Safe Zones” That Aren’t Safe

Perhaps most damning are the repeated strikes on designated “safe zones” in Rafah and Khan Younis. In February 2024, an airstrike killed over 100 people in a location that Israeli authorities had earlier identified as safe. The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said that such incidents made it “impossible for civilians to trust evacuation orders.”


Understanding International Humanitarian Law

Under international humanitarian law (IHL)—which includes the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols—civilians are to be protected at all times. Two key principles underpin the legality of military actions: distinction and proportionality.

The Principle of Distinction

Combatants must distinguish between military targets and civilians. Civilians must never be intentionally targeted, and civilian infrastructure (homes, schools, hospitals) is presumed to be protected unless proven to be used for military purposes.

The Principle of Proportionality

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Even if a military target is present, an attack is prohibited if the expected civilian harm “would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.”

For instance, killing 40 civilians to eliminate a mid-level militant commander is widely considered disproportionate, and thus illegal.

Use of Human Shields under IHL

  • Intentional use of civilians to deter attacks is prohibited under Article 51(7) of Additional Protocol I.
  • However, even if one side violates this rule, the opposing side remains bound by all rules of IHL.
  • Crucially, IHL does not require civilians to leave their homes or relocate, especially if evacuation is impossible or unsafe.

The Weaponisation of the “Human Shield” Narrative

There is growing concern that the “human shield” label is being used as a public relations tool to justify high civilian death tolls. In many Israeli briefings, mention of “human shields” precedes or follows reports of airstrikes that resulted in mass casualties.

Yet when pressed for evidence, Israeli officials often fail to provide transparent or verifiable proof that civilians were deliberately being used to protect combatants. According to the United Nations Human Rights Council, “repeated invocation of ‘human shields’ without verifiable evidence risks creating legal impunity for indiscriminate attacks.”

This concern was echoed by legal experts from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), who stated in January 2024:

“In urban warfare, civilian proximity does not automatically equate to shielding. Attacks must still comply with proportionality and precautionary principles.”


Voluntary vs. Involuntary Shields: Legal Distinctions

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International law distinguishes between:

  • Voluntary human shields: Civilians who intentionally protect military assets (rare and often unproven).
  • Involuntary human shields: Civilians who are trapped or living near militants without choice. These civilians retain full protection under IHL.
  • Deliberate misuse by fighters: If proven, this is a war crime. But proof must be credible, specific, and verifiable—which is often lacking.

In Gaza, most cases are involuntary. Families live in apartment blocks, some of which may house fighters. Hospitals and schools may have tunnels nearby, but that does not nullify their protected status under IHL—especially if civilians are present.


International Reactions and Legal Concerns

Numerous international voices have called for independent investigations into the conduct of the war.

  • Volker Türk, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, December 2023:

“Even if armed groups are operating nearby, it does not justify the use of heavy explosives in civilian areas.”

  • Francesca Albanese, UN Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories:

“The narrative of ‘human shields’ is used to rationalise collective punishment operations.”

Moreover, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is currently reviewing a genocide case against Israel, brought by South Africa, which includes allegations of disproportionate force and the systematic targeting of civilians.


Conclusion: Beyond Narratives, Toward Accountability

The “human shield” argument, while legally grounded in theory, becomes deeply problematic when used as a blanket justification for large-scale military assaults in a besieged urban environment like Gaza. Civilians who cannot leave, who live shoulder-to-shoulder in overcrowded neighbourhoods, cannot be casually dismissed as protective cover for militants.

International law places the burden of proof on those making shielding claims, and even when such claims are substantiated, the attacking force must still adhere to the principles of necessity, distinction, and proportionality.

The reality is that Gaza’s civilian population is not shielding militants by choice—they are caught in a conflict from which they cannot escape. The world must not accept oversimplified justifications for the deaths of thousands. Legal accountability, transparency, and respect for international humanitarian law must prevail, regardless of narrative.

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Dean Mikkelsen is a freelance writer and contributor at The Washington Eye, specialising in geopolitics, energy, and security. With over two decades of editorial experience across the Middle East and the United States, he offers nuanced analysis shaped by both on-the-ground reporting and strategic insight.

Dean’s work spans a range of publications, including Oil & Gas Middle East, Utilities Middle East, and Defence & Security Middle East, where he covers topics from energy transitions to maritime threats. He has also contributed to titles such as The Energy Report Middle East and MENA Daily Chronicle, providing in-depth coverage on regional developments.

In addition to his writing, Dean has been featured as an expert commentator on platforms such as BBC Persia and ABC News Australia, and has been quoted in The National and Arabian Business.

An engineer by training, Dean combines technical knowledge with journalistic rigour to explore the intersections of diplomacy, defence, and trade in a complex global landscape.

Business

America Returns to the Sea: Why Reviving Our Maritime Fleet Is the Right Move Now

America revives maritime strength through new policies, rebuilding fleet, ports, and national sea power strategy

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America revives maritime strength through new policies, rebuilding fleet, ports, and national sea power strategy

It’s been a long time coming, but America is finally returning to the sea.

With the stroke of a pen, President Trump’s Executive Order titled “Restoring America’s Maritime Dominance” has reignited a sector too long neglected, yet fundamental to our economic independence and national security. At the same time, Congress is rallying behind H.R. 2035—a bipartisan bill to ensure government cargo is carried on U.S.-flagged and crewed vessels. Together, these initiatives aren’t just symbolic—they mark the beginning of a long-overdue maritime renaissance.

And it couldn’t have come at a more critical moment.

Why It Matters

America’s commercial fleet has steadily withered over the past three decades. At its height, we could project economic strength and military readiness with an armada of U.S.-built, U.S.-crewed vessels. Today, foreign-built cranes, foreign-flagged ships, and port equipment tied to geopolitical rivals dominate our coastal infrastructure.

We’ve outsourced not just labor—but leverage.

The Executive Order changes that. It’s more than a policy document. It’s a call to arms—a Maritime Action Plan designed to coordinate every arm of government around a simple but powerful premise: America must control its own destiny at sea.

What the Plan Does Right

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First, it aligns national security with industrial policy—bringing shipbuilding, port upgrades, workforce development, and maritime strategy under one umbrella.

Second, it lays the financial groundwork: a Maritime Security Trust Fund and Shipbuilding Financial Incentives Program will give shipyards and investors the long-term certainty they’ve long needed.

Third, it embraces economic vision. From Arctic strategies to new “Maritime Prosperity Zones,” the policy imagines America’s coastline not just as borderlands—but as engines of growth, innovation, and resilience.

And the timeline is refreshingly urgent. Reports on workforce, procurement reform, and industrial investment are due by this fall. The full Maritime Action Plan will arrive by November. For once, government is moving at speed.

Bipartisan Backing That Deserves Applause

Equally impressive is what’s happening in Congress. The bipartisan H.R. 2035 would expand cargo preference from 50% to 100% for U.S. Department of Transportation shipments. It’s a straightforward idea: if American taxpayers are funding the cargo, American mariners should be moving it.

The bill means more ships flying the U.S. flag, more maritime jobs, and more demand for domestic vessels. It will strengthen the commercial fleet that undergirds our military logistics and our commercial supply chains.

We’ve done it before. During World War II, American shipyards built more than 5,000 merchant vessels. Today, we need only a fraction of that to make a difference—and the tools are finally in place.

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Let’s Seize the Moment

Critics will say it’s too ambitious, too expensive, too late. But we know the cost of inaction: supply chain vulnerabilities, dependence on foreign powers, and missed economic opportunity for American workers and businesses.

This is a chance to build—not just ships, but strategy.

It’s a chance to connect coastal communities to new investment, modernize our ports with American-made equipment, and reestablish maritime education and pride in an industry that once defined the nation.

And it’s a signal to our allies and adversaries alike: America still understands that seapower is not a relic of history. It is the foundation of the future.

Final Thought

In a fractured world, where supply lines are increasingly weaponized and the global maritime order is shifting, reclaiming control of our fleet is more than patriotic—it’s pragmatic.

The ocean made America a trading power. The merchant marine helped make it a superpower. Reviving our maritime industry today is not nostalgia. It’s necessity.

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The tide is turning. Let’s not miss it.

America revives maritime strength through new policies, rebuilding fleet, ports, and national sea power strategy
America revives maritime strength through new policies rebuilding fleet ports and national sea power strategy
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Opinion

The Ship That Didn’t Arrive—But Still Made Waves

If Marcus Aurelius were alive today, he might remind us that injustice is not always committed with action. Sometimes, it’s committed with silence.

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If Marcus Aurelius were alive today, he might remind us that injustice is not always committed with action. Sometimes, it’s committed with silence.

When the Madleen, a UK-flagged aid vessel operated by the Freedom Flotilla Coalition, set sail from Sicily in early June, few believed it would physically reach Gaza. Yet, its symbolic impact—intensified by the presence of climate activist Greta Thunberg and French MEP Rima Hassan—may ultimately prove more powerful than a successful docking. Although intercepted by Israeli naval forces before reaching its destination, the vessel succeeded in shining an unflinching spotlight on Gaza’s enduring blockade, and on the international community’s growing discomfort with Israel’s continued justification of its military strategy as counterterrorism.

For Israel, the operation was a textbook success. It enforced a naval blockade that has been in place since 2007, preventing any potential breach. No weapons entered Gaza; no escalation ensued. The vessel was boarded outside Israeli territorial waters and towed to Ashdod, with its passengers detained and later deported. Unlike the deadly 2010 Mavi Marmara raid, the operation was relatively bloodless, giving Israel tactical room to defend its actions under international law, including provisions of the San Remo Manual on Naval Warfare.

But playing devil’s advocate reveals a deeper irony: Greta and her fellow passengers may have achieved more by failing to land than if they had arrived in Gaza unchallenged.

A Strategic Blockade, But a Growing Moral Dilemma

Israel’s legal defence rests on its right to self-defence against Hamas, an entity it—and many Western governments—classify as a terrorist organisation. From this standpoint, the naval blockade is an essential security measure, aimed at preventing arms smuggling into the Gaza Strip. The Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) argue that vessels like the Madleen could be used, wittingly or not, to undermine security protocols.

However, the optics are damning. An Israeli warship and surveillance drones confronting a small vessel carrying prosthetic limbs, water filters, and baby formula is not the kind of asymmetric engagement that garners sympathy. Nor is forcibly detaining a Member of the European Parliament.

Greta Thunberg’s involvement added another layer to the incident. As a globally recognised activist, her presence ensured media coverage far beyond what the organisers could have achieved on their own. The symbolism of a young woman challenging the policies of a state with one of the most advanced militaries in the world has become a powerful visual narrative, particularly among younger demographics disillusioned by what they perceive as moral double standards in foreign policy.

“You Can Also Commit Injustice by Doing Nothing”

This quote by Marcus Aurelius—Roman Emperor and Stoic philosopher—has emerged as a rallying cry for the mission. It encapsulates the essence of the flotilla’s aim: to force attention, not just on the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, but on the silence of those who know and yet do nothing.

The quote’s relevance lies not only in its moral clarity but in its challenge to political inaction. For many, especially across Europe and the Global South, the ongoing siege of Gaza has come to symbolise the failure of the so-called international rules-based order. And increasingly, countries are beginning to act. Ireland, Norway, and Spain have recently recognised the State of Palestine. Belgium and Slovenia are reportedly moving in the same direction. While recognition alone may not end the blockade, it represents a shift in political will—one the Madleen may have helped accelerate.

The Trump Administration and Global Realignment

Under President Donald Trump’s second term, the U.S. has doubled down on its “America First” foreign policy posture. The administration has offered unwavering diplomatic and rhetorical support for Israel’s right to defend itself. Following the Madleen interception, the Trump White House made no public statements condemning Israel’s actions and did not object to the blockade enforcement in international waters.

This position is consistent with Trump’s broader approach during his previous term: unilateralism, rejection of multilateral constraints, and support for allies viewed as critical to U.S. regional objectives. Trump has also repeatedly criticised international institutions, including the UN and ICC, which have raised concerns about Israel’s conduct in Gaza.

While this silence from Washington may have emboldened Israel, it has also sharpened the contrast between the U.S. and other Western nations. European divisions are deepening, and younger voters across both the U.S. and Europe are increasingly critical of what they see as selective enforcement of international law.

The Madleen, then, becomes more than a ship. It is a metaphor for moral confrontation, a call to examine what is permitted in the name of national security—and at what cost.

The March from Tunis and the Moral Geography of Protest

As the Madleen was being towed into Ashdod, another movement was gaining momentum: the March from Tunis to Gaza. Activists, journalists, and citizens from across North Africa and Europe began a symbolic journey to demand the lifting of the blockade and the recognition of Palestinian sovereignty. Their chant? Marcus Aurelius’ line—“You can also commit injustice by doing nothing.”

This mobilisation underscores a critical point: the conflict is no longer contained to a narrow geographical strip. It is being fought in the language of conscience, solidarity, and global morality. The theatre of resistance has expanded—from the streets of Tunis to the pages of European parliaments, to the decks of ships like the Madleen.

Tactical Victory, Strategic Loss?

Israel’s tactical victory may prove a strategic misstep. While it preserved the blockade and avoided an embarrassing breach, the political and symbolic consequences of the interception continue to ripple outward. Greta Thunberg and her fellow passengers did not need to reach Gaza to make their point. Their detention was the point.

In trying to silence a protest, Israel amplified it. In boarding a boat to stop a message, it broadcast that message to millions.

The Madleen may not have delivered its aid. But it delivered a question—one that will echo far beyond Ashdod’s port: When do legitimate security concerns begin to resemble collective punishment? And how long can a rules-based order survive when it applies those rules selectively?

If Marcus Aurelius were alive today, he might remind us that injustice is not always committed with action. Sometimes, it’s committed with silence.

If Marcus Aurelius were alive today, he might remind us that injustice is not always committed with action. Sometimes, it’s committed with silence.
If Marcus Aurelius were alive today he might remind us that injustice is not always committed with action Sometimes its committed with silence
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Opinion

From DOGE to War: The Trump–Musk Alliance Implodes

What was once a dynamic political-tech partnership is now a cautionary tale of how quickly loyalty can turn into animosity when two powerful personalities

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What was once a dynamic political-tech partnership is now a cautionary tale of how quickly loyalty can turn into animosity when two powerful personalities

What began as an unlikely but powerful alliance between former U.S. President Donald Trump and tech billionaire Elon Musk has now turned into a high-profile feud that is sending shockwaves through both political and corporate America. Their relationship, which had warmed notably by 2024, saw Musk becoming one of Trump’s biggest donors—reportedly contributing $300 million—and even earning a spot as co-leader of the newly formed Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) after Trump’s political comeback. The two regularly praised one another, with Trump calling Musk “a star is born – Elon,” and Musk referring to Trump as “the hammer we need.”

However, the alliance began to fracture in May 2025 when Musk publicly criticized Trump’s key legislative proposal, the so-called “One Big Beautiful Bill”—a sweeping tax and spending package. Musk, who had campaigned for fiscal discipline, accused the bill of recklessly increasing the federal deficit and undermining the work of DOGE. This disagreement sparked tensions that ultimately led to Musk’s departure from the Trump administration and the unraveling of their relationship.

The feud reached its boiling point on June 5, 2025, when Musk launched a series of scathing posts on his social media platform X (formerly Twitter), suggesting Trump was implicated in the Epstein files. Trump retaliated immediately, using his own platform Truth Social to blast Musk, accusing him of betrayal and hinting at cutting federal contracts with Tesla and SpaceX. Trump allies began questioning Musk’s mental state, while Musk hinted at starting a new political movement called the “American Party” aimed at representing centrist voters. He even went so far as to call for Trump’s impeachment.

Recent public statements have made their rivalry undeniable. Musk declared, “Without me, Trump would have lost the election, Dems would control the House and the Republicans would be 51-49 in the Senate. Such ingratitude.” In another post, he mused, “Is it time to create a new political party in America that actually represents the 80% in the middle?” Trump, on the other hand, has been equally dismissive, saying in one interview, “I’m not even thinking about Elon. He’s got a problem. The poor guy’s got a problem.” He later added, “You mean the man who has lost his mind? I’m not particularly interested in talking to him right now.”

The fallout has had serious consequences beyond rhetoric. Tesla’s stock experienced a sharp drop amid the drama, with reports suggesting that the White House may reconsider lucrative government contracts tied to Musk’s businesses. The rift also reveals deeper ideological differences: Musk, a vocal proponent of free speech, innovation, and globalism, stands in contrast to Trump’s populist, nationalist “America First” platform. Disagreements over appointments—such as the White House rescinding Musk’s recommendation for Jared Isaacman to lead NASA—further widened the gap. Musk’s influence on Trump’s granddaughter, Kai, and allegations of drug use have also surfaced, adding personal tension to the already volatile situation.

With both men commanding loyal followings and major platforms, their split is not just a personal matter—it has significant implications for the 2026 midterms and beyond. Some political strategists believe Musk could siphon off moderate Republican and independent voters if he pushes ahead with his “American Party” idea. Others argue that Trump’s base remains solid and that Musk’s influence outside tech and crypto circles may be overstated. As the feud continues to play out online and in the press, it serves as a dramatic reminder of how fragile political alliances can be—especially when driven by ego, ambition, and conflicting visions for America’s future. What was once a dynamic political-tech partnership is now a cautionary tale of how quickly loyalty can turn into animosity when two powerful personalities

What was once a dynamic political-tech partnership is now a cautionary tale of how quickly loyalty can turn into animosity when two powerful personalities
What was once a dynamic political tech partnership is now a cautionary tale of how quickly loyalty can turn into animosity when two powerful personalities
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